The real Earl of Warwick, long imprisoned in the Tower, was in fact still alive. Henry VII: A Wise or Wicked Ruler? He proclaimed himself Richard III and imprisoned the Princes in the Tower, where, almost certainly, he had them murdered. England and Germany to the belly, the one in liquor, the other in meat; France a little beneath the belly; Italy to vanity and pleasures devised; and let an English belly have a further advancement, and nothing can stay it." Catherine was also encouraged to learn French as very few people in the English court spoke Spanish or Latin. It was, in the final analysis, an accession secured at the point of the sword he wielded at Bosworth Field. (c) Copyright Oxford University Press, 2021. According to Jasper Ridley the English were famous throughout Europe for their hearty appetite. For there were undoubtedly other individuals with a superior dynastic claim - not only the girl he married, Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV, but other representatives of the house of York. However, they were not happy about sending their daughter to a country whose king might be deposed at any time. Dublin, 1865. Henrys army met the first invasion force in 1495, crushing the attack before Warbeck had even made it to dry land. Regional and National History, View all reference entries Initially he was put into the care of women and his nursery at Farnham. Simnel was paraded through the streets, carried on the shoulders of "the tallest man of the time", an individual called D'Arcy of Platten (this was evidently Sir William Darcy, an ally of Kildare, who is known to have been exceptionally tall). With a loyal squadron of his household, he swept through to Henry's immediate bodyguard, striking down his standard-bearer. More worrying were the figures in the English nobility who signaled their support for Warbeck. His origins are obscure, even in official accounts; his mother is unknown and he may have been illegitimate. (1), In February 1487 Lambert Simnel appeared in Dublin and claimed to be Edward, earl of Warwick, son and heir of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Edward IV, and the last surviving male of the House of York. It sent a clear message that anyone who betrayed the king would be severely dealt with. "Exactly what part he played in the conspiracy, and in its betrayal to the king on 3 August, is hard to establish, but Henry and his council resolved to punish all the principal participants." The siring of progeny was the essential next step in these royal marriages, so endlessly negotiated." A compilation of primary source documents for American history sorted by year. Henry arrived the next day and took up a position facing Richard. 1517 May Day Riots: How do historians know what happened? These are admirable and invaluable qualities for a political leader in troubled times." By 13th June, 1496, the Cornishmen, said to number 15,000, were at Guildford. The proposed treaty included the agreement that Henry's eldest son, Arthur, should marry Catherine of Aragon in return for an undertaking by Henry to declare war on France. (13), Henry married Elizabeth of York and on 19th September 1486 she gave birth to a son, Prince Arthur. [1], Simnel was born around 1477. Simnel became the figurehead of a Yorkist rebellion organised by John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln. She became pregnant again and a daughter, Katherine was born prematurely on 2nd February 1503. On 10th December 1485, the House of Commons, through their speaker Thomas Lovell, urged the king to act on his promise to marry "that illustrious lady Elizabeth, daughter of King Edward IV" and so render possible "the propagation of offspring from the stock of kings". He was brought up at Raglan Castle, with the intention of marrying him to his eldest daughter. Henry now went to live with his uncle, Jasper Tudor, the restored Earl of Pembroke. The King believed, as did most other people, that Arthur had been over-exerting himself in the marriage bed." "Lovell, Francis". Backed by several thousand Irish troops in addition to Margaret's mercenaries, Simnel and his patrons landed at Foulney Island on the Cumbrian coast on 4 June and marched across northern Lancashire, over the Pennines and rapidly southwards, gathering support from Ricardian die-hards. (Answer Commentary). (58)Ferdinand wrote on 23rd August 1503: "It is well known in England that the Princess is still a virgin. In 1487, his claim to be Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, threatened the newly established reign of Henry VII (14851509). However, he was captured and was brought before Henry at Taunton Castle on 5th October. The Earl of Lincoln was killed during the battle and Lambert Simnel was captured.According to Polydore Vergil Henry VII spared Lambert Simnel, and put him to service, first in the scullery, and later as a falconer. The Scotch-Irish in America tells the story of how the hardy breed of men and women, who in America came to be known as the Scotch-Irish, was forged in the north of Ireland during the seventeenth century. (26) However, on 20th November 1495 he went to see King James IV of Scotland in Stirling Castle. (43)The couple spent the first month of their marriage at Tickenhill Manor. A parliament was convened, coins were struck, and proclamations issued in his name, and an expedition was organized for the invasion of England, which landed on the coast of Lancashire, 4th June 1487, and advanced into Yorkshire. (18), In February 1487 Lambert Simnel appeared in Dublin and claimed to be Edward, earl of Warwick, son and heir of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Edward IV, and the last surviving male of the House of York. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_18',116,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_19',116,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1-0_1'); .large-mobile-banner-1-multi-116{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;min-width:300px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. (47). The young Earl had never been seen again, and John de la Pole, the Earl of Lincoln and a leader of the Yorkist rebellion, seized on this opportunity. The author returned to Ireland in 184749 to help with famine relief and recorded those experiences in the rather harrowing:Annals of the Famine in Ireland. In the initial stages Lincolns force held the upper hand as the German soldiers who were with Schwarz proved effective. Warbeck returned to Ireland and attempted to besiege Waterford, an Irish city loyal to Henry. When they saw Henry's large army, said to now number 25,000, some of them deserted. Along with Richard Simon, a priest from Oxford, the Yorkists presented Lambert Simnel as this legitimate claimant, free and backed by an army. The threats facing Henry VII are then analysed by looking at the Tudor family tree, and understanding who the claimants pretended to be. It is claimed this raised 14,699. Bacon commented: "The less blood he drew, the more he took of treasure." Perkin Warbeck claimed himself as the direct heir of King Edward IV. He seems to have been consumptive, and had grown weaker since the wedding. These are admirable and invaluable qualities for a political leader in troubled times. (38)Catherine left the port of Corunna on 20th July 1501. On 13th January 1496 James arranged for him to marry him to Lady Katherine Gordon, a distant royal relative. Oxford University Press, 2004. 1476/7, d. after 1534)", Oxford DNB Online, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lambert_Simnel&oldid=1131951831, This page was last edited on 6 January 2023, at 15:21. [7], On 16 June 1487, the rebels clashed with the King's army, at the Battle of Stoke Field in Nottinghamshire, and were defeated. In October 1499 Arthur wrote to her thanking her for the "sweet letters" she had sent him: "I cannot tell you what an earnest desire I feel to see your Highness, and how vexatious to me is this procrastination about your coming. The Spanish ambassador, Roderigo de Puebla, standing proxy for the bride. One of his pupils was Lambert Simnel who had a striking similarity to the sons of Edward IV the Princes in the Tower. Henry would have been concerned by her size. (13)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',340,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',340,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4-0_1');.medrectangle-4-multi-340{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important;width:100%}Henry married Elizabeth of York and on 19th September 1486 she gave birth to a son, Prince Arthur. Simnel's cause was supported by the powerful Yorkist faction in Ireland and was funded by Margaret of Burgundy and encouraged by Charles VIII of France. (25), In July 1495 Warbeck landed some of his men at Deal. Secondary Source Bird, Caroline. The nobles who supported the pretender were executed after show trials in 1495. Margaret collected 2,000 Flemish mercenaries and shipped them to Ireland under the command of Martin Schwartz, a noted military leader of the time. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lambert-Simnel-English-pretender, History Learning Site - The Lambert Simnel Rebellion. Pole and his mercenaries, joined by 4,000 Irish troops, arrived on the Cumbrian coast on 4th June and marched across northern Lancashire before moving south. Simnel was pardoned because of his tender years, and was thereafter employed by the Royal household as a scullion, and, later, as a Groom of the Stool. Richard therefore gave orders for Lord Stanley's son to be brought to the top of the hill. British History Britain; . If you find this article useful, please feel free to share on websites like, The Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon. New York: Pearson Longman, 2006. American Protest Literature by Zoe Trodd. Lambert Simnel, a boy of ten, was used by others to reassert the House of York's claim to the throne. The Ocean Plague: or, A Voyage to Quebec in an Irish Emigrant Vessel. It was one of the things they held against Richard II and against James I. Henry's genius was mainly a genius for cautious manoeuvre, for exact timing, for delicate negotiation, for weighing up an opponent or a subordinate, and not least, a genius for organisation. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. (39)Catherine of Aragon arrived in England on 2nd October 1501. The battle lasted for three hours. Covers 1900-1999. Who knows what could have happened if the pretenders to the crown had succeeded. A Net Inceptions project. [10] He seems to have married, as he is probably the father of Richard Simnel, a canon of St Osyth's Priory in Essex during the reign of Henry VIII.[11]. Primary Sources; Student Activities; References; Lambert Simnel was born in about 1476. Roderigo de Puebla told Ferdinand: "There is no finer youth in the world than the Prince of Wales". John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln, formerly the designated successor of his uncle the late King Richard III, joined the conspiracy against Henry VII. The king gravely asked him whether any future events could be foretold by the stars; "Yes, Sir." During his reign Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley became the king's most trusted ministers. But after remaining in court for eight months, he tried to escape and was soon recaptured. Anxious reports might pass between ambassadors on physical development; royal parents might take advice on their offsprings' readiness for the ordeal. Henry VII constantly feared an invasion from his powerful neighbour. (51). King Henry was informed of this and began to gather troops. For all this, he ruled wisely and well, overcome plots to depose him, and put an end to the dynastic warfare that had blighted England during the second half of the fifteenth century. Apps and interactive web activities help young people learn about civic engagement through Library of Congress primary sources. (24), While visiting Cork in December 1491 Perkin Warbeck was persuaded to impersonate Richard, Duke of York, second son of Edward IV, who had disappeared eight years earlier together with his elder brother, Edward. He had grown to manhood in an environment of treachery and intrigue, and as a result never knew security. As he was 46 years-old and in poor health, this idea was rejected and on 23rd June 1503, he signed a new treaty betrothing Catherine to Henry, his only surviving son, then aged twelve. Did Anne Boleyn have six fingers on her right hand? On 5 June 1487, Simnel's armymainly Flemish and Irish troopslanded on Piel Island in the Furness area of Lancashire and were joined by some English supporters. Richard had been informed that Lord Stanley had already promised to help Henry Tudor. His origins are obscure, even in official accounts; his mother is unknown and he may have been illegitimate. Henry could not complain as Arthur, now aged fifteen, was very small and undeveloped and was "half a head shorter" than Catherine. Her party included the Count and Countess de Cabra, a chamberlain, Juan de Diero, Catherine's chaplain, Alessandro Geraldini, three bishops and a host of ladies, gentlemen and servants. [4] When Henry heard about what was going on, he arranged for the real Earl of Warwick to be taken from the tower and paraded through London, presumably to disprove the rumours of his death or escape. (Answer Commentary). This was headed by Dame Elizabeth Darcy. He was from the first crop of foals sired by Fair Trial who won the Queen Anne Stakes in 1935 before becoming a highly successful breeding stallion. Let it be hastened, that the love conceived between us and the wished-for joys may reap their proper fruit." Alison Weir has argued that Arthur was suffering from consumption: "There was concern about the Prince's delicate health. Henry VII : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Jasper Tudor : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Elizabeth of York : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Prince Arthur : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Lambert Simnel : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Perkin Warbeck : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Henry VIII : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Richard Empson : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Katherine of Aragon : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. He had gaunt, aquiline features, with thinning, greying hair and grey eyes. (53) Jasper Ridley has pointed out that Empson and Dudley were the chief instruments of the king's financial policy: "They seem to have been almost universally hated throughout England. (8), When Richard heard about the arrival of Henry Tudor he marched his army to meet his rival for the throne. It was allied to great patience and great industry. Most actions or grants of grace resulted in fines to the king, in amounts and by methods which led Polydore Vergil and others to characterize both Empson and Dudley as extortioners." Lincoln and Thomas FitzGerald were killed. Was Henry VIII's son, Henry FitzRoy, murdered? He argued that once the pretender to the throne was dead, his army would have no reason to go on fighting. Perkin Warbeck's imposture as Edward IV's younger son, Richard of York, during the 1490s was more easily contained, despite Scottish and European intervention. Of the revolts faced by Henry VII, the most serious were those with dynastic intentions. Shaped by the primary sources available in the Library's online collections. Complete though his victory was, Henry spent the next four months moving cautiously through the midlands and north, venturing as far as Newcastle to secure the region's loyalty. Lambert Simnel is crowned in Dublin, from An Illustrated History of Ireland, 1868, by Sister Mary Frances Clare (Margaret Anne Cusack), The Nun of Kenmare, with illustrations by Henry Doyle . (Answer Commentary), Francis Walsingham - Codes & Codebreaking (Answer Commentary), Sir Thomas More: Saint or Sinner? You can follow John Simkin on Twitter, Google+ & Facebook or subscribe to our monthly newsletter.Alison Weir has argued that Arthur was suffering from consumption: "There was concern about the Prince's delicate health. Classroom lessons activities with primary sources and student questions and answers. (6) Negotiations took place and in December 1483, Henry took an oath in Rennes Cathedral to marry Elizabeth of York were he to be successful in making himself king of England. According to Polydore Vergil Henry VII spared Simnel, and put him to service, first in the scullery, and later as a falconer. Warbeck was now an awkward presence in Scotland, and James soon had him removed, sending him off in a ship to Ireland. Her knowledge of English was still imperfect in 1505, which upset both Ferdinand of Aragon and Henry VII, who reduced her allowance. He was also described as having an "unhealthy" skin colour. In the 1972 BBC serial The Shadow of the Tower, Simnel was portrayed by Gary Warren. vi. Mrs Nicholsons recollections of her tour among the peasantry are still revealing and gripping today. According to Francis Bacon: "The Cornish, being ill-armed and ill-led and without horse or artillery, were with no great difficulty cut in pieces and put to flight." Lambert Simnel presented Henry VII with the first major challenge of his reign. He later recalled he "conducted him clad in his night gown unto the Princess's bedchamber door often and sundry times." [5] This did not prevent the rebellion, likely because insufficient infrastructure and methods of transport meant news spread slowly. Richard's usurpation split the Yorkist party down the middle and transformed Henry Tudor's position. The logic behind this was to get the former rebels onto his side. Swearing to marry Edward IV's eldest daughter, Elizabeth, Henry set sail for England in the summer of 1485. It established a common policy towards France, reduced tariffs between the two countries and agreed a marriage contract between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon and also established a dowry for Catherine of 200,000 crowns. These are admirable and invaluable qualities for a political leader in troubled times." It is estimated that Henry VII had three million subjects. Instead, Lord Stanley went to the north of the battlefield and Sir William to the south. Simnel, Lambert, the son of an Oxford tradesman, was, in 1486, brought to Ireland by Richard Simond, a clergyman, and presented to the chief personages of the Anglo-Irish colony as Richard, Earl of Warwick, son of the Duke of Clarence, and heir to the English throne. He then marched into Leicester and then, slowly, onwards to London. He was lodged in the Castle, every deference was paid to him, and messengers were despatched to the friends of the House of York in England, and to the Dowager Duchess of Burgundy, his supposed aunt. However, the kings army held firm and at the end Lincoln, Schwarz, Broughton (who had not accepted his pardon) and the leader of the Irish, Thomas Geraldine, were killed. Those nobles who had supported Lincoln were not as generously treated. "He presented to the world a genial, smiling countenance, yet beneath it he was suspicious, devious and parsimonious. However, Elizabeth's biographer, Rosemary Horrox, disagrees with this assessment. However, the marriage was not guaranteed. She quotes from several different sources that indicate that they had a happy marriage. Simon spread a rumour that Warwick had actually escaped from the Tower and was under his guardianship. As he was 46 years-old and in poor health, this idea was rejected and on 23rd June 1503, he signed a new treaty betrothing Catherine to Henry, his only surviving son, then aged twelve. Lambert Simnel was a bay horse, bred by his owner Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster. (14281471) magnate, See all related overviews in Oxford Reference Henry would have been concerned by her size. It relates the circumstances under which the great exodus to the New World began, the trials and tribulations faced by these tough American pioneers and the enduring influence they came to exert on the politics, education and religion of the country. The parliament which met on 7th November asserted the legitimacy of Henry's title and annulled the instrument embodying Richard III's title to the throne. Anxious reports might pass between ambassadors on physical development; royal parents might take advice on their offsprings' readiness for the ordeal. He also met Viscount Lovell, who had supported a failed Yorkist uprising in 1486. The parliament which met on 7th November asserted the legitimacy of Henry's title and annulled the instrument embodying Richard III's title to the throne. (62)Henry VII died on 21st April 1509. Once the marriage was officially completed, some years might pass before the appropriate moment was judged to have arrived. (Answer Commentary), Catherine Parr and Women's Rights (Answer Commentary), Women, Politics and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Historians and Novelists on Thomas Cromwell (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and Thomas Mntzer (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and Hitler's Anti-Semitism (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and the Reformation (Answer Commentary), Mary Tudor and Heretics (Answer Commentary), Joan Bocher - Anabaptist (Answer Commentary), Anne Askew Burnt at the Stake (Answer Commentary), Elizabeth Barton and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Execution of Margaret Cheyney (Answer Commentary), Dissolution of the Monasteries (Answer Commentary), Why did Queen Elizabeth not get married? Now went to live with his uncle, Jasper Tudor, the most serious those! Grey eyes July 1495 Warbeck landed some of his pupils was Lambert Simnel who had a happy.... Siring of progeny was the essential next step in these royal marriages, endlessly. 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